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Iron-air systems enable very long-duration storage because the iron to iron-oxide chemistry can hold energy for tens to hundreds of hours, but the chemical conversion incurs losses so round-trip efficiency is typically around 50–60%.
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See all →Large amounts of moondust raining through the atmosphere would convert kinetic energy into heat—potentially heating and even boiling surface waters—while persistent ring shadows and volcanic/meteoric aerosols would reflect sunlight and trigger rapid cooling, so the net climate effect depends on the balance and timing of heating versus sunlight blockage.
Plants that produce caffeine suffer less insect damage because caffeine is toxic to many insects, so caffeine-producing individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce than neighboring plants without it.