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A tiny colep can kill much larger animals because its mineral armour lets it ram and its rotating, drill-like cilia bore into flesh while toxicysts inject a cocktail that dissolves cell membranes, which opens gaping wounds the predator then exploits.
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See all →Large amounts of moondust raining through the atmosphere would convert kinetic energy into heat—potentially heating and even boiling surface waters—while persistent ring shadows and volcanic/meteoric aerosols would reflect sunlight and trigger rapid cooling, so the net climate effect depends on the balance and timing of heating versus sunlight blockage.
Plants that produce caffeine suffer less insect damage because caffeine is toxic to many insects, so caffeine-producing individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce than neighboring plants without it.