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The shape of a fracture depends on the fluid’s microstructure because polymer chains and entanglements redirect and dissipate energy—producing trumpet-like crack fronts—whereas simple fluids fail with sharper, glass-like fronts.
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See all →Large amounts of moondust raining through the atmosphere would convert kinetic energy into heat—potentially heating and even boiling surface waters—while persistent ring shadows and volcanic/meteoric aerosols would reflect sunlight and trigger rapid cooling, so the net climate effect depends on the balance and timing of heating versus sunlight blockage.
Plants that produce caffeine suffer less insect damage because caffeine is toxic to many insects, so caffeine-producing individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce than neighboring plants without it.