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After the last ice age rising seas flooded the Sahul land bridge around 10,000 years ago, isolating Australia and preventing repeated waves of migration, which kept its human population much lower than continents with continuous contact.
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See all →Large amounts of moondust raining through the atmosphere would convert kinetic energy into heat—potentially heating and even boiling surface waters—while persistent ring shadows and volcanic/meteoric aerosols would reflect sunlight and trigger rapid cooling, so the net climate effect depends on the balance and timing of heating versus sunlight blockage.
Plants that produce caffeine suffer less insect damage because caffeine is toxic to many insects, so caffeine-producing individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce than neighboring plants without it.