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Supernova explosions create the universe's heavy elements because the implosion and explosive reheating generate the extreme temperatures, densities, and neutron fluxes needed to fuse nuclei beyond iron and disperse them into space.
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See all →Large amounts of moondust raining through the atmosphere would convert kinetic energy into heat—potentially heating and even boiling surface waters—while persistent ring shadows and volcanic/meteoric aerosols would reflect sunlight and trigger rapid cooling, so the net climate effect depends on the balance and timing of heating versus sunlight blockage.
Plants that produce caffeine suffer less insect damage because caffeine is toxic to many insects, so caffeine-producing individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce than neighboring plants without it.