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Work and skill fall short

Plenty of people work hard and earn little. Skill falls short as an explanation too: sword-eaters and jugglers do things most people can't dream of, and they earn less than someone making a YouTube video.

Picking one thing

Many people believe they are taking risks when they are not. One founder came out of a good school and then YC, and described a company that served sales and recruiting. Picking one, and committing to serve one group of people in one specific way, is where the value gets provided.

What real risk is

Real risk means genuinely not knowing what will happen. It comes with a high potential for shame, a way of failing that feels scary, and that is what puts a person at the edge of discovering something new and learning from it. Courage is one of the traits that takes. After courage comes commitment: following through long enough to see what actually ends up happening, instead of quitting at the start.

How does uncertainty explain where profit comes from?

Economist Frank Knight drew this distinction in his 1921 book Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. He separated risk, where the odds can be calculated, from uncertainty, where they cannot. Insurance can price the first kind, so it earns no special reward. Knight argued that profit is the payment for bearing the second kind.

Why do small talent gaps produce huge pay gaps?

Economist Sherwin Rosen described this in his 1981 paper The Economics of Superstars. When one performer can reach a huge audience at almost no extra cost, buyers pick the best available option instead of paying for several lesser ones. A small edge in perceived quality then turns into a very large edge in earnings. Recording, broadcasting, and online video all widen the audience a single performer can reach.

More from Invest Like the Best with Patrick O'Shaughnessy

Business & StartupsThree assumptions run the companyThree assumptions can settle nearly every decision at a fast-growing company, as long as everyone knows them and checks each choice against them.
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