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Chad Cascarilla could run on a lot less sleep in those years and still operate at a much higher level. He would hop on a flight, sleep on the plane for two hours, and go straight to work or wherever he was headed.

He could sleep on floors. There were multiple all-nighters, and he thinks there was one month with about 30 days straight.

The name came from that ability to push the limits and just keep going. Today he is a shadow of his former self when it comes to sleep.

How can some people sleep so little?

In 2009, researchers at the University of California, San Francisco reported a mutation in a gene called DEC2 in a family whose members naturally slept about six hours a night, compared with the eight or so typical for adults. The group, led by Ying-Hui Fu, then bred mice carrying the mutation, and those mice also slept less. Such natural short sleepers are rare.

Why do banking analysts pull all-nighters?

Analyst programs at investment banks are built around deal calendars. A merger or bond sale has fixed dates for filings, lender meetings, and announcements, and the junior staff prepare the models and presentation books behind each one. When a date moves up, the work expands to fit, which is how multi-day stretches in the office became common. Most analyst programs last two years.

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