100+ Computer Science Concepts Explained

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A hash, map, or dictionary finds values through user-defined keys instead of integer indexes.
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Passing objects by reference lets multiple variables use one heap object without duplicating its memory.
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Backtracking algorithms test possible options incrementally, returning to alternatives when a path fails.
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Dynamic programming stores solved subproblems through memoization instead of computing the same results repeatedly.
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A stack serves the newest item first. A queue serves the oldest item first.
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A recursive function without a base condition continues indefinitely and can cause a stack overflow.
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A linked list stores each item with a pointer to the next item instead of relying on indexes.
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Recursion begins when a function calls itself. Without a terminating condition, it becomes an infinite loop.
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Every recursive algorithm needs a base condition that tells it when to stop.
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A while loop repeats until its condition becomes false. A for loop commonly visits every item in an iterable.
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A shell accepts text commands and returns output through a command-line interface to the operating-system kernel.
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Programming languages make computers practical by hiding lower-level systems behind simpler layers of abstraction.
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Character encodings such as ASCII and UTF-8 turn typed characters into binary values.
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Data structures organize data. Algorithms are the code that uses it to solve problems.
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A function is named code that accepts inputs, performs an operation, and returns an output.
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A variable gives reusable names to data values stored somewhere in computer memory.

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