Remembering without assistance may strengthen prospective memory over time, while reminders remove this desirable difficulty and inhibit durable internal skills.

After reminders disappeared, prior users remembered significantly fewer future tasks than people…

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The impairment reflected reduced learning, not merely the loss of reminders’ temporary benefit.

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Offloading one task did not improve another task’s internal remembering, and especially explicit…

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Reminders reliably support immediate task completion while potentially undermining long-term…

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Reminders improve immediate prospective memory, but researchers know far less about whether they…

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Experiments compared internally remembered tasks with one aided by a conspicuous reminder, then…

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The first experiment included 130 undergraduates, 108 retained after exclusions, and a second…

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Cognitive offloading transfers part of your brain’s workload to an external aid, such as a reminder.

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